Economics

Why people bid more than a dollar for a dollar: Shubik's escalation trap

30seconds
The 30-second version

Auction a dollar bill with one twist: the second-highest bidder pays their bid too. It sounds harmless, yet in 1971 economist Martin Shubik reported that people playing it at parties often ended up paying a combined $3 to $5 for a single dollar.

Every extra 5 cent bid looks smarter than quitting, until you are both far past $1. Play against a rival who never backs down, and see why the only winning move is to set a limit first.

Deep dive · 3 min
Deep dive · 3 min

More in Economics

View all →
Why a country that's worse at everything still gains from trade: Ricardo's comparative advantage How can a country that is worse at everything still gain from trade? Ricardo's 1817 England-and-Portugal example says the answer is not who is faster, but what… Economics4 min read Why two ice-cream vendors end up side by side: Hotelling's beach Two ice-cream vendors share a long beach, and every swimmer walks to the nearer cart. Where should each one park? Drag the carts and watch the dividing line… Economics4 min read Why a free shortcut can make everyone's commute longer: Braess's paradox Build a brand-new road and every commute gets longer. In a town of 4,000 drivers, two routes each take 65 minutes. Add a free shortcut and each driver… Economics5 min read Why the auction winner so often overpays: the winner's curse Why does the winner of an auction so often go home poorer? When a prize is worth the same to everyone, each bidder only has a noisy estimate, and winning means… Economics5 min read Why mild preferences can build a segregated town: Schelling's chequerboard Nobody in this town wants it split into blue and orange districts. Each household only asks that a few of its neighbours look like it. Yet run the rule and the… Economics4 min read Why good used cars vanish from the market: Akerlof's lemons Why can a market of willing buyers and sellers fall apart? In 1970 the economist George Akerlof showed that when only the seller knows a used car's quality… Economics4 min read